RTK GPS & GPS Survey

What is GPS Survey?

A GPS survey refers to a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that provides geographical location and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. GPS is an abbreviation for “Global Positioning System.” It is a network of satellites that supplies data based on the Earth’s surface location. The GPS system typically uses three satellites to extract fundamental information related to the Earth sent by the satellites.

GPS can be used to determine a person’s or vehicle’s current position or to provide directions to a location. The latitude and longitude of a place can be identified. When work begins using the known latitude and longitude of a location, the possibility of errors is minimized, enabling work to be carried out accurately. Furthermore, GPS, or the Global Positioning System, is a sophisticated automatic device that can instantly and accurately determine the position of a person or object located anywhere on the Earth’s surface at any time, day or night, regardless of the weather conditions.

What tasks can be accomplished with GPS?
Or, what are the functions of a GPS receiver?
The list of functions of GPS is as follows:

1. Determining the latitude and longitude of any location. Accurately identifying land boundaries, edges, and other land features.
2. Measuring the elevation of a location.
3. Calculating travel distance and speed.
4. Determining bearing.
5. Identifying the time and date of a location.
6. Providing data for the development of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.
7. Obtaining accurate information for urban development and planning.
8. GPS receivers receive signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and determine latitude, longitude, and elevation.
9. Assisting in determining accurate coordinates with a typical accuracy of 2-10 meters.
10. The receiver is used in various navigation applications, helping users reach their desired destinations and ensuring effective transportation systems by determining accurate routes.
11. Aiding in the collection of local data for various projects, such as land surveys and inventory management. Used to gather information related to soil, water, and other environmental changes.
12. GPS receivers are used for precise timekeeping, which is derived from satellite signals. This is crucial in telecommunications and other technical applications.
13. Ensuring accurate positioning in bridge, road, and other infrastructure projects through the use of GPS technology.

A GPS receiver is an essential device used in various fields for location determination, navigation, and data collection. It enhances the process of obtaining accurate information and making decisions, which helps in efficiently and correctly completing activities across different sectors.

Here are the names of the different components of a GPS receiver:

1. Antenna: Captures signals from GPS satellites.
2. Receiver Module: Processes signals from the antenna to determine the position.
3. Microprocessor: Executes calculations and processes data from the receiver module.
4. Display Screen: Shows information such as location, speed, and directions.
5. Power Supply: Provides energy to the GPS device, which can be a battery or a power adapter.
6. Memory: Stores data, including maps, waypoints, and routes.
7. User Interface: Buttons or touchscreen that allow users to interact with the device.
8. Communication Ports: For connecting to other devices or transferring data.
9. Software: Operating system and applications that run on the GPS device, providing functionality and user interaction.

Uses of RTK Base GPS:

We know that RTK is a satellite navigation technique commonly used for the following purposes:

a) Land surveying
b) Hydrographic surveying
c) Operation of unmanned aerial vehicles or drones
d) Distance measurement
e) Angle measurement
f) Leveling
g) Position determination
h) Data and system coordination, etc.

What information can be obtained using GPS?

The information that can be obtained using GPS includes: the latitude and longitude of a location, elevation, travel distance, speed, direction (north), time, date, etc.

What can be determined by a GPS receiver?

The functions of a GPS receiver include:

i. Determining the latitude and longitude of a location.
ii. Determining the elevation of a location.
iii. Calculating travel distance and speed.
iv. Determining travel direction, guidance, and bearing.
v. Determining the time and date at a specific location.

What components does a GPS receiver operate in conjunction with?

The components that operate in conjunction with a GPS receiver include:

1. Space Segment
2. User Segment
3. Control Segment

List the GPS-related equipment:

• Canvas Carrying Case
• Swivel Mounting Bracket
• External Power Cables
• External Power/Data Cable
• PC Cable
• PC Cable with Cigarette Lighter Adapter

List the various types of software used in GPS:

Names of GPS software:

1. GPS Tracking Software
2. GPS Navigation Software
3. Source Navigation Software
4. Marine Navigation Software
5. Aeronautical Navigation Software
6. Land-based Navigation Software

Introduction to GPS Survey and RTK GPS

GPS Survey
GPS Survey (Global Positioning System Survey) is a modern technology used for various types of land surveying and position determination. It helps to accurately determine the coordinates, elevation, and time of any location on Earth through satellite signals. The information obtained from GPS surveys is important for various projects, such as:

• Land Surveying: Determining land boundaries, edges, and features.
• Construction Projects: Accurately determining locations on construction sites.
• Urban Planning: Planning the development and infrastructure of cities.

GPS surveys typically provide an accuracy of 2 to 10 meters and are an effective means of collecting various types of data.

RTK GPS
RTK GPS (Real-Time Kinematic GPS) is an advanced technology used for determining coordinates with extremely high accuracy through GPS signals. RTK GPS is particularly applicable for construction and land surveying, providing accuracy typically within 2 centimeters. Its main features are as follows:

• High Accuracy: RTK technology allows for the determination of coordinates within 2 centimeters, which is crucial during setting out.
• Rapid Data Collection: RTK technology provides real-time data, allowing for quick access to information and time savings.
• Design Implementation: RTK GPS assists in accurately placing structural components according to project designs.
• Operator Convenience: RTK GPS makes it easier for operators to use and provides precise guidance, reducing the likelihood of errors.

RTK GPS is commonly used in construction, land surveying, agriculture, and other fields where accuracy is critically important.

RTK and GPS Survey?
Similarly, since survey-based private companies operate in a competitive business environment, it is also necessary to show that they excel in terms of quality and that their strategic approach is more realistic and focused compared to others.

GPS Survey in Government Agencies

Government agencies use GPS surveys for various purposes, which are helpful for accurate data collection and effective planning. Below are some key areas where government agencies utilise GPS surveys:

1. Land Survey and Management: Government institutions use GPS technology to determine land boundaries, establish property lines, and manage land resources. This aids in dispute resolution and ensures proper land use.
2. Urban Planning: GPS surveys are crucial for city development projects, helping create accurate maps of existing infrastructure and plan for future developments. This assists in the effective use of space and resources.
3. Transport Infrastructure: Government agencies conduct GPS surveys for the design and assessment of roads, bridges, and railways. Accurate location data aids in the planning and construction of transportation networks.
4. Disaster Management: GPS technology is vital for disaster preparedness and response. Government agencies use it to create maps of hazardous areas, plan evacuation routes, and coordinate emergency services during natural disasters.
5. Environmental Monitoring: Government agencies use GPS surveys to monitor environmental changes, track wildlife movements, and manage natural resources. This information is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable development.
6. Agricultural Planning: Government agricultural departments use GPS for precise farming, which helps farmers improve crop yields and manage land effectively. It also involves monitoring soil health and crop production.
7. Public Safety and Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies use GPS technology for vehicle tracking, conducting investigations, and ensuring public safety, thus enhancing effective patrolling and response strategies.
8. Census and Demographic Data: Government agencies use GPS surveys for population censuses and data collection, ensuring accurate information gathering and analysis for policy-making.

GPS technology aids government agencies in enhancing accuracy in their operations, improving the decision-making process, and providing better services to the public.

Evaluation of GPS-RTK and Total Station for Topographic Surveys and Strategic Decisions in Private Companies

In particular, we investigated the accuracy of the GPS Survey – RTK (Global Positioning System – Real-Time Kinematic) system and TS (Total Station) in a topographic survey.

Similarly, the proposed hypothesis was that the GPS Survey – RTK system could serve as an alternative survey method for projects requiring medium accuracy. An area of 5.90 hectares of salt ponds became a sample for this study.

Both instruments conducted a complete detailed measurement to create a contour map. We recorded the time spent to evaluate the effectiveness of each method. The maximum height offset was 0.054 meters (polygon) and 0.098 meters (detailed).

Furthermore, the results of the GPS survey showed that while the GPS-RTK system was not only practical and efficient, it also saved 30% more time and was 33% more efficient in human resources compared to the Total Station (TS).

While providing acceptable accuracy for medium precision engineering purposes, the GPS-RTK system may not be applicable to every terrain feature.

GPS Survey Keyboard

GPS Survey Talk System, Total Station, Topographic Survey, Project Assurance, Cost Control.

Consider the GPS-RTK (Global Positioning System – Real-Time Kinematic) system. However, among satellite survey technologies, it is the most useful system for topographic surveys.

The use of this system for multi-functional network surveys, and sometimes even detailed third-order networks, is becoming increasingly popular.

What makes surveys using RTK measurement sets more challenging in specific areas is the presence of obstacles in the terrain. Additionally, these can limit simultaneous communication between basic receivers and mobile receivers, as well as interfere with the necessary communication among the five satellites required for GPS surveys to be 100% reliable.

RTK-GPS Survey

GPS-RTK-based surveys are not only practical and fast but also create more accurate topographic maps for design purposes (using a model to create contours in unobstructed open areas).

In fact, numerous construction and estate observation processes employ Total Station (TS) monitoring. Moreover, it has been claimed that TS is a more suitable method for conducting topographic surveys in private companies in Indonesia, as managed by owners, contractors, or consultants, compared to using a theodolite.

This instrument not only provides good accuracy but also offers automated calculations for data. Total Station monitoring achieves a standard deviation of just 1 mm.

Similarly, the focus of this research is to evaluate the accuracy of RTK surveys through geodetic methods.

Both medium (semi-class) and high (mm-class) accuracy projects are relevant for construction practices in land surveying using GPS surveys and tachymetric surveys (this test was for land trade practices).

The following specific objectives have contributed to achieving this goal:

• Evaluating the results and accuracy obtained from GPS-RTK and TS.
• Using supervisory classification to analyze the data provided from each data source.
• Comparing contour maps provided from each data source; and
• Assessing the costs (time spent) of both systems.

GPS Survey

 is the use of modern technology that employs the signals of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for land surveying and location determination. It is used for various purposes, such as:

• Determining Latitude and Longitude: Helps in accurately determining the coordinates of a location.
• Land Surveying: Assists in defining property boundaries, edges, and other land features.
• Construction Projects: Used to identify the precise location of construction sites.
• Urban Planning: Provides information for the development and planning of urban infrastructure.
• Transport Infrastructure: Supplies data for the design and evaluation of roads, bridges, and railways.

How is GPS Survey Used?

GPS surveying and mapping were among the first commercial adaptations of GPS, as it provides a direct latitude and longitude position without the need to measure angles and distances between points.

However, it has not completely replaced surveying field instruments such as the theodolite, electronic distance metre, or more modern total stations, due to the cost of the technology and the requirement for GPS to ‘see’ satellites, which limits its use near trees and tall buildings.

In fact, surveyors often incorporate GPS technology into a total station to produce complete survey data. Therefore, the GPS receivers used for baseline measurements are typically more complex and expensive than those for general use, requiring a high-quality antenna.

There are GPS measurement methods used by surveyors:

• Surveyors use static GPS to record GPS data simultaneously, determining the exact coordinates for survey points. Observations are made for at least 20 minutes at a known and an unknown survey point.
• Additionally, we process the data in the office to provide coordinates with better accuracy than 5 mm. The duration of the observation and the availability of satellites depend on the measurement time.
• Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) observation: Here, one receiver remains at a known point – the base station – while another receiver moves between positions – the rover station.
• By using a radio link, we can compute and store the rover’s position in a matter of seconds, providing a correction for the coordinates.
• Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS): Similarly, surveyors permanently install a survey-quality GPS receiver as a primary point for any GPS measurements in the area.
• Common users of CORS include mining sites, large engineering projects, and local governments. Surveyors can then collect field data with their GPS receivers and combine it with CORS data for position calculations.
• In this way, many countries have a CORS network that is used by various industries. Australia’s CORS network is the Australian Regional GPS Network, and it operates online.
• The processing system provides data over the internet within 24 hours and delivers positions with centimeter-level accuracy.
• Surveyors use a mobile phone data link to propose coordinate corrections to the surveyor and their rover, providing instant positioning similar to the RTK method through a local CORS network.

Description of GPS Services

GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides accurate information about location, speed, and time worldwide. The primary function of GPS is to accurately determine latitude, longitude, and elevation, making it useful for various applications such as land surveying and vehicle tracking.

We offer a wide range of GPS and DGPS survey services, utilizing the latest technology for tasks such as road, highway, pipeline, and canal route studies. Our services include site plan preparation, hydrographic surveys, reservoir studies, and river studies.

We also conduct inundation mapping and network traverse adaptation studies, among other services. Similarly, our dedicated teams of professionals work closely with our clients to offer customized and budget-friendly solutions.

DGPS Survey Services, Soft and Hard Copy, Client Side

We are also engaged in offering DGPS survey services, progressively tailored to meet our clients’ needs by thoroughly understanding their requirements. Delivered in line with industry-defined standards, these services are in high demand due to their exceptional accuracy and reliability. Additionally, these services are highly valued for their efficiency.

With the support of skilled professionals, we provide highly effective GPS surveys to our esteemed clients. Moreover, the offered services are presented across various domains, ensuring top client satisfaction and precise specifications. These GPS survey services are also available to us in multiple forms at affordable rates.

Get the Latest Price

A Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) enhances the Global Positioning System (GPS). It provides improved positional accuracy, ranging from approximately 1-3 cm [1], as opposed to the nominal 15-meter accuracy of standard GPS surveys in optimal implementation scenarios. Each DGPS operates using a specific network.

(Understand Principle of Operation and Uses of GPS Receiver)

 Functionality and Usage of GPS Receivers

GPS receivers operate based on signals received from a network of satellites. Here’s a breakdown of how they function and their applications:

Functionality:

1. Signal Reception: A GPS receiver receives signals from at least four satellites in the Global Positioning System. Each satellite transmits data that includes its location and the precise time the signal was sent.
2. Time Calculation: The receiver calculates the time it takes for the signals to reach it from each satellite. By knowing the speed of light, the receiver can determine the distance to each satellite.
3. Triangulation: Using the distance measurements from multiple satellites, the receiver uses triangulation to determine its own position in three-dimensional space (latitude, longitude, and altitude). The more satellites it can connect with, the more accurate the position.
4. Correction for Errors: GPS receivers often incorporate data from additional systems, such as Differential GPS (DGPS) or Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems, to enhance accuracy. These systems use reference stations to provide correction data.

Applications:

1. Navigation: GPS receivers are widely used in vehicles for navigation purposes, providing directions and real-time traffic updates.
2. Mapping and Surveying: Surveyors use GPS receivers for land surveying and mapping, obtaining precise location data for construction and development projects.
3. Emergency Services: GPS technology helps emergency services locate incidents and deploy resources efficiently.
4. Recreational Activities: Outdoor enthusiasts use GPS receivers for hiking, geocaching, and exploring remote areas.
5. Agriculture: Precision agriculture relies on GPS technology for efficient farming practices, such as automated planting and harvesting.
6. Aviation and Marine: GPS is crucial for navigation in aviation and maritime operations, providing accurate position data for flight and sea routes.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System, or GPS receiver, is an advanced automatic device capable of accurately determining the position of a person or object anywhere on the Earth’s surface at any time, day or night, regardless of the weather conditions. Traditional methods of determining direction and location, such as using a magnetic compass or radio signals, rely on estimates and are time-consuming. In contrast, the GPS represents a groundbreaking advancement in technology, enabling not only the identification of positions on the Earth’s surface but also the ability to locate objects floating up to 100 meters above the surface.

The space segment consists of a total of 24 satellites, which orbit the Earth at an altitude of 11,000 nautical miles above the surface. Each satellite completes an orbit around the Earth every 12 hours. The first satellite, named GPS Block 1, was launched in 1978. High-frequency radio waves are transmitted from the satellites, sending special signal codes at the speed of light. Additionally, each satellite is equipped with a timekeeping device, allowing us to know the exact time when the signal is sent.

The user segment refers to the GPS receiver. This device can easily detect and receive signals sent from satellites and is commonly used in airplanes, ships, cars, and portable handheld devices. Currently, there are over a hundred different models of receivers available in the market.

The GPS receiver resembles a cellular phone and is part of the control segment, which consists of ground stations located on the surface. These ground stations mechanically track and monitor the movement of the satellites, ensuring they are functioning correctly. There are a total of one ground station located in various parts of the world. The largest ground station is located at Schriver Air Force Base in Colorado Springs.

The principle of GPS is based on measuring the distance between the satellites and the receiver. The time at which a signal is sent from the satellite to a receiver located at the Air Force Base, as well as the other four receivers located in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii and Kwajalein) and the Indian Ocean, is taken into account. The difference in time between when the signal is sent and when the receiver receives it is multiplied by the speed of light to calculate the distance between the satellite and the receiver.

When a circle is drawn with a radius equal to the distance between the satellite and the receiver, it can be inferred that the receiver is located somewhere on that circle. By drawing another circle centered around a different satellite, with a radius equal to the distance from that satellite to the same receiver, the point where the two circles intersect indicates the precise position of the receiver, or any person or object. The receiver uses a special mathematical method to perform this measurement, allowing it to accurately determine the position of any object almost instantly.

Set-Up Function and Mask Angle Establishment (Function and Mask Angle)

When determining coordinates or position using a GPS receiver, if the sky is not clearly visible due to obstructions, the internal antenna cannot function properly. In such cases, an angle value is input into the GPS receiver to obtain the necessary measurements. This input angle is referred to as the mask angle.

Procedure for Finding the Coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) of a Station Using a GPS Receiver:

Before using the receiver in the field, it is necessary to have a rough idea of its location. When the GPS receiver is turned on for the first time, it provides data using the Magellan’s EZstart method. Once the receiver has been initialized, there is no need to initialize it again for that area.

Below is the procedure for measuring coordinates using a GPS receiver:

1. Press the PWR key to turn on the GPS receiver.
2. Use the arrow pad to change the flashing text and display the approximate region or country name for the current location, then press ENTER.
3. Use the arrow pad to enter the approximate altitude for the current location; if the value is unknown, set it to zero and press ENTER.
4. Use the arrow pad to display the current time and date, then press ENTER.
5. The GPS receiver will now display the POSITION screen and automatically start searching for all accessible satellites.
6. It begins to collect position-related data from at least three satellites to determine the precise location. As soon as the location is calculated, the receiver will display the navigation screen, and a moving compass will appear on the screen.
7. The tracking indication in the lower right corner of the displayed screen should confirm that the position of the designated location is being determined.
8. If the receiver fails to determine the position within ten minutes, troubleshooting the device is necessary.

Procedure for Finding the Azimuth and Coordinates at Unknown Points Using GPS:

Before using the receiver in its initial state, it is necessary to know its approximate location. When the GPS receiver is turned on for the first time, it provides data using the Magellan’s Start method. Once the receiver has been initialized, there is no need to initialize it again for that area.

Below is the procedure for determining the location and azimuth of unknown points using the GPS receiver:

1. Press the PWR key to turn on the GPS receiver.
2. Use the arrow pad to change the flashing text and display the approximate region or country name for the current location, then press ENTER.
3. Use the arrow pad to enter the approximate altitude for the current location; if the value is unknown, set it to zero and press ENTER.

Fields of Use for GPS Receivers:

GPS receivers can be used for fire suppression, iceberg tracking, and determining the location of accidents or terrorist activities. Additionally, GPS receivers are widely used in aviation, railways, and road transportation.

Fields of Use for GPS Receivers:

1.      Navigation:

·         Aviation: GPS is crucial for flight navigation, providing pilots with precise location data for takeoff, landing, and in-flight navigation.

·         Maritime: Ships use GPS for route planning, navigation, and docking.

·         Land Transportation: Cars, buses, and trucks utilize GPS for navigation, route optimization, and traffic updates.

2.      Surveying and Mapping:

·         Land Surveying: Surveyors use GPS to determine property boundaries and create accurate maps.

·         Geographical Information Systems (GIS): GPS is integrated into GIS for spatial analysis and data collection.

3.      Emergency Response:

·         Disaster Management: GPS aids in locating disaster sites and coordinating rescue efforts.

·         Search and Rescue: GPS technology assists in finding lost individuals or vessels in remote areas.

4.      Environmental Monitoring:

·         Wildlife Tracking: Researchers use GPS collars to monitor animal movements and behaviors.

·         Climate Studies: GPS data helps in tracking environmental changes and studying climate patterns.

5.      Agriculture:

·         Precision Farming: GPS is employed in agriculture for field mapping, soil sampling, and crop monitoring, leading to efficient resource use.

6.      Military Applications:

·         Tactical Navigation: Military operations rely on GPS for troop movement, logistics, and coordination in combat zones.

·         Missile Guidance: GPS technology is used for precision targeting in missile systems.

7.      Recreation:

Outdoor Activities: Hikers, campers, and cyclists use GPS devices for navigation and route planning.

·         Geocaching: GPS is integral to the treasure-hunting game of geocaching, where participants seek hidden containers using GPS coordinates.

8.      Telecommunications:

·         Network Synchronization: GPS is used to synchronize time in telecommunications networks, improving service quality.

9.      Fleet Management:

·         Logistics and Delivery: Companies utilize GPS for real-time tracking of vehicles and assets, enhancing efficiency in supply chain management.

10.  Urban Planning:

·         Infrastructure Development: City planners use GPS data for analyzing urban growth and planning infrastructure projects.

Space Segment: The space segment consists of a total of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth at an altitude of 11,000 nautical miles above the surface. Each satellite completes one orbit around the Earth every 12 hours. The first satellite was launched in 1978, named GPS Block 1. These satellites transmit signals coded with the speed of light via high-frequency radio waves. Additionally, each satellite is equipped with a timekeeping device, allowing the exact time at which the signal is transmitted to be known

User Segment Functionality: The user segment primarily consists of GPS receivers. It detects, decodes, and processes the signals transmitted from satellites. The shape of the GPS receiver is similar to that of a cellular phone, making it easy to carry on airplanes, ships, cars, and even by hand. Currently, over one hundred different models of receivers are available in the market.

Control Segment Functionality: The control segment consists of ground stations located on the Earth’s surface. These stations monitor and track the movement of satellites through mechanical methods, ensuring that they are functioning correctly. There are a total of five ground stations around the world. The largest ground station is located at Schriver (Falcon) Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, while the other four are located at Hawal and Kwajalein in the Pacific Ocean, Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, and Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean.

Core Functionality of GPS Receiver: The fundamental principle of GPS is to measure the distance between satellites and the receiver. By multiplying the time difference between when a signal is sent from the satellite and when the receiver receives it by the speed of light, the distance between the satellite and the receiver is calculated.

Next, if a circle is drawn around the satellite with a radius equal to the distance between the satellite and the receiver, it can be assumed that the receiver is located at any point on that circle. Then, if another circle is drawn around a second satellite, with a radius equal to the distance between that satellite and the same receiver, the point where the two circles intersect indicates the precise location of the receiver, and thus, of any person or object. The receiver uses specific mathematical methods to complete this measurement, allowing it to determine the location of any object accurately and instantaneously.

Functionality of Various Parts of a GPS Receiver:
The names and functions of the different parts of a GPS receiver are listed below:

1. GPS Antenna: Searches for and receives data from satellites.
2. ENTER Key: Allows for the entry of necessary data or for selecting menus.
3. NAV Key: Used to access the position and navigation screens.
4. MARK Key: Used to create landmarks and store the current location.
5. LIGHT Key: Used to turn the screen’s backlight on and off.
6. GOTO Key: Used to create a direct route to any landmark and save it in memory.
7. MENU Key: Used to access routes, landmarks, and setup functions.
8. PWR Key: Used to turn the receiver on and off.
9. Arrow Pad: This pad is used to navigate to any landmark, scroll through various screens continuously, and select menus.

Below is an image of a Magellan GPS310.

How to Fix Position Using GPS?
Answer: Procedure for fixing position: A position fix can be saved for later use when one can return to that position. The saved position fix is indicated by Landmarks or LMK. To save the current location, the MARK key must be pressed.

1. Receiver Generated Name: The GPS receiver will help in entering a name or accepting a name generated by the receiver for this landmark. To accept a name generated by the receiver (e.g., LM01-LM99), the Enter key must be pressed. To quickly save the position fix, the MARK key must be pressed twice in succession.
2. User Created Name: To create a name (maximum of four characters), the UP/DOWN Arrow key should be used to change characters, and the LEFT/RIGHT Arrow key can be used to move the cursor left or right. After entering the required landmark name, the Enter key must be pressed. The Enter key should be pressed to accept the current latitude and pressed again to accept the current longitude.
3. Shortcut: To quickly save the location of any place while on this screen, the MARK key must be pressed.

How to Create a Landmark Using GPS?
Landmarks can be created using GPS in the following manner:
To create a landmark at a location other than the current position, the MARK key must be pressed. Pressing the MARK key will assist the receiver in entering a name or accepting a landmark generated by the receiver. When the required name is displayed on the screen, the Enter key must be pressed. The Arrow pad can be used to change the latitude, and the Enter key should be pressed to accept it. The Arrow pad can also be used to change the longitude, and the Enter key should be pressed to accept that as well. The newly created landmark is saved in memory and will be displayed on the screen when the MARK key is pressed.

Shortcut: To quickly save a position at any time on this screen, the MARK key must be pressed.

List of Tasks Performed by GPS Receivers
The tasks that can be performed by GPS include:

1. Determining the latitude and longitude of a location.
2. Measuring the elevation of a location.
3. Calculating the distance and speed of travel.
4. Determining the direction or bearing of travel.
5. Knowing the time and date of a location.

Additionally, GPS is used for quickly determining the locations of fire suppression, iceberg searches, accidents, or terrorist activities, as well as in archaeology, marine studies, and various other fields. Currently, GPS receivers are widely used in air travel, railways, and road transport.

Method for Determining Coordinates Using GPS
Before using the receiver in its initial state, it is necessary to know the approximate position of the receiver. When the GPS receiver is first turned on, it provides information through the Magellan’s EZstart method. Once the receiver is initialized, there is no need to initialize it again for that region. The procedure for measuring coordinates using the GPS receiver is described below:

1. Press the PWR key to turn on the GPS receiver.
2. Use the arrow pad to change the flashing text and display the approximate name of the region or country for the current position, then press ENTER.
3. Use the arrow pad to enter the approximate altitude for the current position, and if the value is unknown, enter zero and press ENTER.
4. Use the arrow pad to display the current time and date, then press ENTER.
5. The GPS receiver will now display the POSITION screen and will automatically begin searching for all satellites within its range.
6. It will start determining the specific position by collecting location-related information from at least three satellites. Once the position of the specific location is calculated, the receiver will display the navigation screen, showing a moving compass on the screen.
7. You should understand that the “TRACKING” indicator in the lower right corner of the displayed screen shows that it is determining the location of the indicated position.
8. If the receiver fails to determine the position within ten minutes, troubleshooting of the device should be conducted.